Almost all of us have insurance. When your insurer gives you the policy document, generally, all you do is glance over the decorated words in the policy and pile it up with the other bunch of financial papers on your desk, right? If you spend thousands of dollars each year on insurance, don’t you think that you should know all about it? Your insurance advisor is always there for you to help you understand the tricky terms in the insurance forms, but you should also know for yourself what your contract says. In this article, we’ll make reading your insurance contract easy, so you understand their basic principles and how they are put to use in daily life.
Insurance Contract Essentials
Offer and Acceptance. When applying for insurance, the first thing you do is get the proposal form of a particular insurance company. After filling in the requested details, you send the form to the company (sometimes with a premium check). This is your offer. If the insurance company agrees to insure you, this is called acceptance. In some cases, your insurer may agree to accept your offer after making some changes to your proposed terms.
Consideration. This is the premium or the future premiums that you have pay to your insurance company. For insurers, consideration also refers to the money paid out to you should you file an insurance claim. This means that each party to the contract must provide some value to the relationship.
Legal Capacity. You need to be legally competent to enter into an agreement with your insurer. If you are a minor or are mentally ill, for example, then you may not be qualified to make contracts. Similarly, insurers are considered to be competent if they are licensed under the prevailing regulations that govern them.
Legal Purpose. If the purpose of your contract is to encourage illegal activities, it is invalid.
Contract Values
Most insurance contracts are indemnity contracts. Indemnity contracts apply to insurances where the loss suffered can be measured in terms of money.
Principle of Indemnity. This states that insurers pay no more than the actual loss suffered. The purpose of an insurance contract is to leave you in the same financial position you were in immediately prior to the incident leading to an insurance claim. When your old Chevy Cavalier is stolen, you can’t expect your insurer to replace it with a brand new Mercedes-Benz. In other words, you will be remunerated according to the total sum you have assured for the car.
(To read more on indemnity contracts, see “Shopping for Car Insurance” and “How Does the 80% Rule for Home Insurance Work?”)
There are some additional factors of your insurance contract that create situations in which the full value of an insured asset is not remunerated.
Under-Insurance. Often, in order to save on premiums, you may insure your house at $80,000 when the total value of the house actually comes to $100,000. At the time of partial loss, your insurer will pay only a proportion of $80,000 while you have to dig into your savings to cover the remaining portion of the loss. This is called under-insurance, and you should try to avoid it as much as possible.
Excess. To avoid trivial claims, the insurers have introduced provisions like excess. For example, you have auto insurance with the applicable excess of $5,000. Unfortunately, your car had an accident with the loss amounting to $7,000. Your insurer will pay you the $7,000 because the loss has exceeded the specified limit of $5,000. But, if the loss comes to $3,000 then the insurance company will not pay a single penny and you have to bear the loss expenses yourself. In short, the insurers will not entertain claims unless and until your losses exceed a minimum amount set by the insurer.
Deductible. This is the amount you pay in out-of-pocket expenses before your insurer covers the remaining expense. Therefore, if the deductible is $5,000 and the total insured loss comes to $15,000, your insurance company will only pay $10,000. The higher the deductible, the lower the premium and vice versa.
Not all insurance contracts are indemnity contracts. Life insurance contracts and most personal accident insurance contracts are non-indemnity contracts. You may purchase a life insurance policy of $1 million, but that does not imply that your life’s value is equal to this dollar amount. Because you can’t calculate your life’s net worth and fix a price on it, an indemnity contract does not apply.
Insurable Interest
It is your legal right to insure any type of property or any event that may cause financial loss or create legal liability for you. This is called insurable interest.
Suppose you are living in your uncle’s house, and you apply for homeowners’ insurance because you believe that you may inherit the house later. Insurers will decline your offer because you are not the owner of the house and, therefore, you do not stand to suffer financially in the event of a loss. When it comes to insurance, it is not the house, car or machinery that is insured. Rather, it is the monetary interest in that house, car or machinery to which your policy applies.
It is also the principle of insurable interest that allows married couples to take out insurance policies on each other’s lives, on the principle that one may suffer financially if the spouse dies. Insurable interest also exists in some business arrangements, as seen between a creditor and debtor, between business partners or between employers and employees.
Principle of Subrogation
Subrogation allows an insurer to sue a third party that has caused a loss to the insured and pursues all methods of getting back some of the money that it has paid to the insured as a result of the loss.
For example, if you are injured in a road accident that is caused by the reckless driving of another party, you will be compensated by your insurer. However, your insurance company may also sue the reckless driver in an attempt to recover that money.
The Doctrine of Good Faith
All insurance contracts are based on the concept of uberrima fidei, or the doctrine of utmost good faith. This doctrine emphasizes the presence of mutual faith between the insured and the insurer. In simple terms, while applying for insurance, it becomes your duty to disclose your relevant facts and information truthfully to the insurer. Likewise, the insurer cannot hide information about the insurance coverage that is being sold.
Duty of Disclosure. You are legally obliged to reveal all information that would influence the insurer’s decision to enter into the insurance contract. Factors that increase the risks – previous losses and claims under other policies, insurance coverage that has been declined to you in the past, the existence of other insurance contracts, full facts and descriptions regarding the property or the event to be insured – must be disclosed. These facts are called material facts. Depending on these material facts, your insurer will decide whether to insure you as well as what premium to charge. For instance, in life insurance, your smoking habit is an important material fact for the insurer. As a result, your insurance company may decide to charge a significantly higher premium as a result of your smoking habits.
Representations and Warranty. In most kinds of insurances, you have to sign a declaration at the end of the application form, which states that the given answers to the questions in the application form and other personal statements and questionnaires are true and complete. Therefore, when applying for fire insurance, for example, you should make sure that the information that you provide regarding the type of construction of your building or the nature of its use is technically correct.
Depending on their nature, these statements may either be representations or warranties.A) Representations: These are the written statements made by you on your application form, which represent the proposed risk to the insurance company. For instance, on a life insurance application form, information about your age, details of family history, occupation, etc. are the representations that should be true in every respect. Breach of representations occurs only when you give false information (for example, your age) in important statements. However, the contract may or may not be void depending on the type of the misrepresentation that occurs. (For more information on life insurance, read “Buying Life Insurance: Term Versus Permanent, Long-Term Care Insurance: Who Needs It?” and “Shifting Life Insurance Ownership.”)B) Warranties: Warranties in insurance contracts are different from those of ordinary commercial contracts. They are imposed by the insurer to ensure that the risk remains the same throughout the policy and does not increase. For example, in auto insurance, if you lend your car to a friend who doesn’t have a license and that friend is involved in an accident, your insurer may consider it a breach of warranty because it wasn’t informed about this alteration. As a result, your claim could be rejected.
As we’ve already mentioned, insurance works on the principle of mutual trust. It is your responsibility to disclose all the relevant facts to your insurer. Normally, a breach of the principle of utmost good faith arises when you, whether deliberately or accidentally, fail to divulge these important facts. There are two kinds of non-disclosure:
Innocent non-disclosure relates to failing to supply the information you didn’t know about
Deliberate non-disclosure means providing incorrect material information intentionally
For example, suppose that you are unaware that your grandfather died from cancer and, therefore, you did not disclose this material fact in the family history questionnaire when applying for life insurance; this is innocent non-disclosure. However, if you knew about this material fact and purposely held it back from the insurer, you are guilty of fraudulent non-disclosure.
When you supply inaccurate information with the intention to deceive, your insurance contract becomes void.
If this deliberate breach was discovered at the time of the claim, your insurance company will not pay the claim.
If the insurer considers the breach as innocent but significant to the risk, it may choose to punish you by collecting additional premiums.
In case of an innocent breach that is irrelevant to the risk, the insurer may decide to ignore the breach as if it had never occurred.
Other Policy Aspects
The Doctrine of Adhesion. The doctrine of adhesion states that you must accept the entire insurance contract and all of its terms and conditions without bargaining. Because the insured has no opportunity to change the terms, any ambiguities in the contract will be interpreted in his or her favor.
Principle of Waiver and Estoppel. A waiver is a voluntary surrender of a known right. Estoppel prevents a person from asserting those rights because he or she has acted in such a way as to deny interest in preserving those rights. Presume that you fail to disclose some information in the insurance proposal form. Your insurer doesn’t request that information and issues the insurance policy. This is a waiver. In the future, when a claim arises, your insurer cannot question the contract on the basis of non-disclosure. This is estoppel. For this reason, your insurer will have to pay the claim.
Endorsements are normally used when the terms of insurance contracts are to be altered. They could also be issued to add specific conditions to the policy.
Co-insurance refers to the sharing of insurance by two or more insurance companies in an agreed proportion. For the insurance of a large shopping mall, for example, the risk is very high. Therefore, the insurance company may choose to involve two or more insurers to share the risk. Coinsurance can also exist between you and your insurance company. This provision is quite popular in medical insurance, in which you and the insurance company decide to share the covered costs in the ratio of 20:80. Therefore, during the claim, your insurer will pay 80% of the covered loss while you shell out the remaining 20%.
Reinsurance occurs when your insurer “sells” some of your coverage to another insurance company. Suppose you are a famous rock star and you want your voice to be insured for $50 million. Your offer is accepted by the Insurance Company A. However, Insurance Company A is unable to retain the entire risk, so it passes part of this risk – let’s say $40 million – to Insurance Company B. Should you lose your singing voice, you will receive $50 million from insurer A ($10 million + $40 million) with insurer B contributing the reinsured amount ($40 million) to insurer A. This practice is known as reinsurance. Generally, reinsurance is practiced to a much greater extent by general insurers than life insurers.
The Bottom Line
When applying for insurance, you will find a huge range of insurance products available in the market. If you have an insurance advisor, he or she can shop around and make sure that you are getting adequate insurance coverage for your money. Even so, a little understanding of insurance contracts can go a long way in making sure that your advisor’s recommendations are on track.
Furthermore, there may be times when your claim is canceled because you didn’t pay attention to certain information requested by your insurance company. In this case, a lack of knowledge and carelessness can cost you a lot. Go through your insurer’s policy features instead of signing them without delving into the fine print. If you understand what you’re reading, you’ll be able to ensure that the insurance product that you are signing up for will cover you when you need it most.
